Glucose

What is blood glucose?

Blood glucose, or blood sugar, is the main sugar found in your blood. It is your body's primary source of energy. It comes from the food you eat. Your body breaks down most of that food into glucose and releases it into your bloodstream. When your blood glucose goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to be used for energy.

What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose levels are too high. When you have diabetes, your body doesn't make enough insulin, can't use it as well as it should, or both. Too much glucose stays in your blood and doesn't reach your cells. Over time, having too much glucose in your blood can cause serious health problems (diabetes complications). So if you have diabetes, it's important to keep your blood glucose levels within your target range.What are blood glucose targets?

If you have diabetes, your blood glucose target is the range you try to reach as much as possible. The typical targets are:

Before a meal: 80 to 130 mg/dL
Two hours after the start of a meal: Less than 180 mg/dL

Your blood glucose targets may be different, depending on your age, any additional health problems you have, and other factors. Talk with your health care team about the best target range for you.

When and how should I check my blood glucose?

If you have diabetes, you'll likely need to check your blood glucose every day to make sure that your blood glucose numbers are in your target range. Some people may need to check their blood glucose several times a day. Ask your health care team how often you need to check it.

The most common way to check your blood glucose level at home is with a blood glucose meter. A blood glucose meter measures the amount of glucose in a small sample of blood, usually from your fingertip.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is another way to check your glucose levels. Most CGM systems use a tiny sensor that is inserted under your skin. The sensor measures your glucose level every few minutes. It can show changes in your glucose level throughout the day and night. A CGM system is especially useful for people who take insulin and have problems with low blood glucose.

Your provider will also check your blood glucose with a blood test called an A1C. It checks your average blood glucose level over the past three months. People with diabetes usually have an A1C test at least twice a year. But you may need the test more often if you aren't meeting your diabetes treatment goals.

What happens if my blood glucose level becomes too high?

High blood glucose is called hyperglycemia. Symptoms that your blood glucose levels may be too high include:

Feeling thirsty
Feeling tired or weak
Headaches
Urinating (peeing) often
Blurred vision

If you often have high blood glucose levels or symptoms of high blood glucose, talk with your health care team. You may need a change in your diabetes meal plan, physical activity plan, or diabetes medicines.

High blood glucose may also be caused by other conditions that can affect insulin or glucose levels in your blood. These conditions include problems with your pancreas or adrenal glands.

What happens if my blood glucose level becomes low for me?

Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose, happens when your blood glucose level drops below what is healthy for you. For many people with diabetes, this means a blood glucose reading lower than 70 mg/dL. Your number might be different, so check with your health care team to find out what blood glucose level is low for you.

Symptoms of low blood glucose tend to come on quickly. The symptoms can be different for everyone, but they may include:

Shaking
Sweating
Nervousness or anxiety
Irritability or confusion
Dizziness
Hunger

Low blood glucose levels can be common in people with type 1 diabetes and people with type 2 diabetes who take certain diabetes medicines. If you think you may have low blood glucose, check your level, even if you don't have symptoms. Low blood glucose can be dangerous and should be treated as soon as possible.

Although it's rare, you can still get low blood glucose without having diabetes. The causes can include conditions such as liver disease, kidney disease, and hormone deficiencies (lack of certain hormones). Some medicines, such as certain heart medicines and antibiotics, can also cause it. See your provider to find out the cause of your low blood glucose and how to treat it.

NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

Glucose FDA Approved Drugs

AFREZZA [Insulin Recombinant Human]

12 units/inh (inhalation powder)

4 units/inh (inhalation powder)

8 units/inh (inhalation powder)

Mannkind^{Apr 17, 2015}

Administration of a composition comprising insulin complexed with a diketopiperazine..
Administration of a composition comprising insulin complexed with microparticles of a diketopiperazine..
Administration of fdkp microparticles comprising insulin..
Method of aerosolizing/deagglomerating an insulin dry powder for use in treating diabetes mellitus via oral inhalation using an inhaler with a cartridge containing the insulin dry powder..
Method of controlling glycemia in diabetics by administering an initial dose of insulin-fdkp with a meal; determining blood glucose level 1-2 hrs after and administering a supplemental dose of insulin-fdkp if postprandial glucose level is >140 mg/dl.
Method of delivering to a patient with diabetes mellitus in a single inhalation, greater than 75% of a dry powder dose comprising insulin and fumaryl diketopiperazine using a high resistance to flow dry powder inhaler..
Pulmonary administration of a compisition comprising insulin bound to a diketopiperazine..
Pulmonary administration of a composition comprising insulin bound to a complexing agent..
Pulmonary administration of an insulin composition comprising fdkp at the beginning of a meal to a patient also being treated with a long-acting insulin..
Treatment of a patient having diabetes mellitus with a prandial rapid acting insulin..
Treatment of diabetes mellitus with an inhaled insulin to improve glycemic control using a dry powder inhalation system comprising an inhaler, a cartridge and a dry powder medicament comprising insulin in a single inhalation.
Treatment of patient having diabetes mellitus via oral inhalation of fdkp microparticles comprising insulin.
Use of an inhaler to administer dry powder medicament.

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

AKTEN [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

3.5% (ophthalmic gel)

Akorn^{Oct 7, 2008}

Method of inducing topical anesthesia in the eye.

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

CONTRAVE [Bupropion Hydrochloride^{C₁₃H₁₈ClNOClH} : Naltrexone Hydrochloride^{C₂₀H₂₃NO₄ClH}]

90mg : 8mg (oral tablet, extended release)

Orexigen^{Sep 10, 2014}

For chronic weight management for treating overweight or obesity.
For effect on blood glucose parameters in patients with insulin resistance.
Use of naltrexone and bupropion based on an escalating dose schedule.
Use of naltrexone and bupropion for chronic weight management for treating overweight or obesity in patients with major depressive disorder.
Use of naltrexone and bupropion in a layered formulation for chronic weight management for affecting weight loss.
Use of naltrexone and bupropion in extended-release form for chronic weight management for treating overweight or obesity.

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

ELELYSO [Taliglucerase Alfa]

200 units/vial (iv (infusion) powder)

Pfizer^{May 1, 2012}

A method of catalyzing the hydrolysis of glucocerebroside to glucose and ceramide..
A method of treating gaucher's disease.

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

FLUDEOXYGLUCOSE F18 [Fludeoxyglucose F-18^{C₆H₁₁FO₅}]

10-100mci/ml (intravenous injectable)

20-150mci/ml (intravenous injectable)

20-200mci/ml (intravenous injectable)

20-240mci/ml (intravenous injectable)

20-300mci/ml (intravenous injectable)

20-400mci/ml (intravenous injectable)

20-500mci/ml (intravenous injectable)

4-40mci/ml (intravenous injectable)

4-500mci/ml (intravenous injectable)

Kreitchman Pet Ctr^{Apr 11, 2016}
Queen Hamamatsu Pet^{Aug 31, 2015}
Univ Tx Md Anderson^{Jan 13, 2014}
Feinstein^{Aug 19, 2005}
Lantheus Medical^{Feb 4, 2014}
Midwest Medcl^{Nov 19, 2015}
Petnet^{Feb 25, 2011}
Trustees Univ Pa^{Oct 29, 2014}
Mcprf^{Aug 5, 2013}
3d Imaging Drug^{Oct 30, 2015}
Biomedcl Res Fdn^{May 1, 2015}
Brigham Womens^{Oct 30, 2014}
Cardinal Health 414^{Nov 13, 2015}
Childrens Hosp Mi^{Oct 29, 2014}
Cpdc^{Oct 29, 2014}
Essential Isotopes^{Feb 5, 2014}
Global Isotopes Llc^{Oct 21, 2014}
Ma General Hosp^{Sep 25, 2014}
Mem Sloan-kettering^{Dec 8, 2016}
Methodist Hosp Res^{Apr 23, 2015}
Mips Crf^{Sep 11, 2015}
Ncm Usa Bronx Llc^{Jan 7, 2015}
Shertech Labs Llc^{Dec 18, 2014}
Triad Isotopes Inc^{Jun 23, 2015}
Ucsf Rodiopharm^{May 9, 2014}
Uihc Pet Imaging^{Aug 6, 2014}
Univ Michigan^{Jul 17, 2015}
Univ Utah Cyclotron^{Jun 23, 2015}
Wusm Cyclotron^{Feb 5, 2014}
Zevacor Pharma Inc^{Aug 31, 2015}
Houston Cyclotron^{Feb 14, 2013}
Precision Nuclear^{Apr 7, 2015}
Wi Medcl Cyclotron^{Oct 23, 2013}
Kettering Medctr^{Oct 27, 2015}
Ucla Biomedical^{Jun 27, 2013}
Hot Shots Nm Llc^{Oct 30, 2014}
Spectron Mrc Llc^{Apr 22, 2015}
Univ North Dakota^{Feb 4, 2015}

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

FORTAMET [Metformin Hydrochloride^{C₄H₁₁N₅ClH}]

1gm (oral tablet, extended release)

500mg (oral tablet, extended release)

Andrx Labs Llc^{Apr 27, 2004}

Method of lowering blood glucose by once daily administration.

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

GLYDO [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

2% (topical jelly)

Sagent Pharms^{Apr 28, 2014}

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

KAZANO [Alogliptin Benzoate^{C₁₈H₂₁N₅O₂C₇H₆O₂} : Metformin Hydrochloride^{C₄H₁₁N₅ClH}]

eq 12.5mg base : 1gm (oral tablet)

eq 12.5mg base : 500mg (oral tablet)

Takeda Pharms Usa^{Jan 25, 2013}

Method of treating diabetes comprising administering a compound such as alogliptin.
Method of treating diabetes comprising administering alogliptin.
Methods of lowering elevated post prandial blood glucose levels comprising administering a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor.
Methods of modifying glucose metabolism and treating diabetes comprising administering a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor and one or more other therapeutic agents such as metformin.
Methods of reducing the side effects of active components administered to a diabetic patient comprising administering an insulin sensitivity enhancer such as pioglitazone in combination with an insulin secretion enhancer.
Methods of treating diabetes comprising administering a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor and metformin.

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

LARYNG-O-JET KIT [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

4% (topical solution)

Intl Medication^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

0.5% (injection injectable)

1% (injection injectable)

2% (topical jelly)

20% (injection injectable)

4% (topical solution)

Hospira^{May 17, 1984}
Mylan Labs Ltd^{Dec 8, 2010}
Intl Medication^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}
Luitpold^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}
Luitpold Pharms Inc^{Aug 14, 2015}
Akorn^{Feb 12, 2003}
Hi Tech Pharma^{Jul 10, 1995}
Watson Labs Inc^{Mar 23, 2011}
Wockhardt^{Nov 18, 1982}
Teligent Pharma Inc^{Mar 12, 2014}
Vintage^{Feb 27, 2007}
West-ward Pharms Int^{Apr 3, 1985}

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE 0.2% AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

200mg/100ml (injection injectable)

B Braun^{Apr 8, 1992}
Baxter Hlthcare^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE 0.4% AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

400mg/100ml (injection injectable)

B Braun^{Apr 8, 1992}
Baxter Hlthcare^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE 0.8% AND DEXTROSE 5% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

800mg/100ml (injection injectable)

B Braun^{Apr 8, 1992}
Baxter Hlthcare^{Feb 22, 1982}

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE 5% AND DEXTROSE 7.5% [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

5% (spinal injectable)

Hospira^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN PLASTIC CONTAINER [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

0.5% (injection injectable)

1% (injection injectable)

2% (injection injectable)

Hospira^{Jul 31, 1984}
Fresenius Kabi Usa^{Jul 24, 1985}

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE PRESERVATIVE FREE [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

1% (injection injectable)

1.5% (injection injectable)

2% (injection injectable)

20% (injection injectable)

4% (injection injectable)

Aurobindo Pharma Ltd^{Mar 14, 2013}
Fresenius Kabi Usa^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}
Hospira^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}
Mylan Labs Ltd^{Sep 27, 2010}
Intl Medication^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

danger
0.0 (0)

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE PRESERVATIVE FREE IN PLASTIC CONTAINER [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

1% (injection injectable)

2% (injection injectable)

Hospira^{Sep 28, 1998}

efficacy
0.0 (0)

side effects
0.0 (0)

LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE VISCOUS [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

2% (oral solution)

Vintage^{Feb 27, 2007}

LIDOCAINE VISCOUS [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

2% (oral solution)

West-ward Pharms Int^{Apr 26, 1985}

LTA II KIT [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

4% (topical solution)

Hospira^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}

NESINA [Alogliptin Benzoate^{C₁₈H₂₁N₅O₂C₇H₆O₂}]

eq 12.5mg base (oral tablet)

eq 25mg base (oral tablet)

eq 6.25mg base (oral tablet)

Takeda Pharms Usa^{Jan 25, 2013}

Method of treating diabetes comprising administering a compound such as alogliptin.
Method of treating diabetes comprising administering alogliptin.
Methods of lowering elevated post prandial blood glucose levels comprising administering a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor.
Methods of modifying glucose metabolism and treating diabetes comprising administering a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor and one or more other therapeutic agents such as metformin.
Methods of reducing the side effects of active components administered to a diabetic patient comprising administering an insulin sensitivity enhancer such as pioglitazone in combination with an insulin secretion enhancer.
Methods of treating diabetes comprising administering a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor and metformin.

OSENI [Alogliptin Benzoate^{C₁₈H₂₁N₅O₂C₇H₆O₂} : Pioglitazone Hydrochloride^{C₁₉H₂₀N₂O₃SClH}]

eq 12.5mg base : eq 15mg base (oral tablet)

eq 12.5mg base : eq 30mg base (oral tablet)

eq 12.5mg base : eq 45mg base (oral tablet)

eq 25mg base : eq 15mg base (oral tablet)

eq 25mg base : eq 30mg base (oral tablet)

eq 25mg base : eq 45mg base (oral tablet)

Takeda Pharms Usa^{Jan 25, 2013}

Method of treating diabetes comprising administering a compound such as alogliptin.
Method of treating diabetes comprising administering alogliptin.
Methods of lowering elevated post prandial blood glucose levels comprising administering a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor.
Methods of modifying glucose metabolism and treating diabetes comprising administering a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor and one or more other therapeutic agents such as metformin.
Methods of reducing the side effects of active components administered to a diabetic patient comprising administering an insulin sensitivity enhancer such as pioglitazone in combination with an insulin secretion enhancer.
Methods of treating diabetes comprising administering an insulin sensitivity enhancer such as pioglitazone in combination with an insulin secretion enhancer.
Methods of treating diabetes comprising administering a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor and metformin.

STARLIX [Nateglinide^{C₁₉H₂₇NO₃}]

120mg (oral tablet)

60mg (oral tablet)

Novartis^{Dec 22, 2000}

Use as a blood glucose-lowering agent.
Use for treatment of diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes.

XYLOCAINE [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

0.5% (injection injectable)

1% (injection injectable)

1.5% (injection injectable)

2% (injection injectable)

Fresenius Kabi Usa^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}
Oak Pharms^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}

XYLOCAINE 4% PRESERVATIVE FREE [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

4% (injection injectable)

Fresenius Kabi Usa^{Approved Prior To Jan 1, 1982}

XYLOCAINE PRESERVATIVE FREE [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

1% (injection injectable)

2% (injection injectable)

20% (injection injectable)

4% (injection injectable)

Fresenius Kabi Usa^{Jan 19, 1988}

ZINGO [Lidocaine Hydrochloride^{C₁₄H₂₂N₂OClHH₂O}]

0.5mg (intradermal system)

Powder Pharms^{Aug 16, 2007}

Zingo intradermal injection system is a drug delivery system that is capable of delivering fine dry powdered lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate for local anesthetic action.
Zingo is a powder intradermal system that is capable of delivering fine dry powdered lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate for local anesthetic action.

WARNING: Consult a licensed physician in the appropriate field for medical treatment and drug prescription. Do not self medicate.

WARNING: All medicines, drugs, plants, chemicals or medicial precedures below are for historical reference only. Many of these treatments are now known to be harmful and possibly fatal. Do not consume any plant, chemical, drug or otherwise without first consulting a licensed physician that practices medine in the appropriate field.

Felter's Materia Medica on Glucose

GLUCOSUM
Glucose, Liquid Glucose, Syrupy Glucose. A syrupy liquid, composed chiefly of dextrose (dextro-gluco......neutral or slightly acid to litmus paper. Dose, 2 to 6 fluidounces of 6 to 30 per cent solutions of glucose. Specific Indications.Shock; acidosis. Action and Therapy.Glucose is an easily digested ......s said to protect against fatty degeneration produced by the administration of general anesthetics. Glucose, in 6 to 10 per cent solutions, has proved serviceable, given by enteroclysis, in dropsical ...¹

MEL
A saccharine substance deposited in the honey comb by the Apis mellifera, Linné or Honey Bee (Family Apidae). Common Name: Honey. Description.A... / ... and a distinctive odor. Principal Constituents.Laevulose (fruit sugar), dextrose (grape sugar or glucose), and sucrose (cane sugar), with the first named predominating; also a trace of formic acid.... / ...It is sometimes incorporated in cough mixtures as an agreeable demulcent, and is occasionally used to allay irritation of the urinary passages.¹

PRUNUS VIRGINIANA
The stem-bark of Prunus serotina, Ehrhart or Prunus virginiana, Miller, collected in the autumn and carefully dried (Nat. Ord. Rosaceae). Woods of... / ...al Constituents.Amygdalin (acted upon by water yields hydrocyanic acid, oil of bitter almond, and glucose); emulsin (destroyed by heating), and tannic acid. Preparations.1. Specific Medicine Prunu... / ...temporarily destroys its value, and unless a good quality of bark, carefully preserved, is used, the syrup may have little value.¹

SENNA^SENNA
The dried leaflets of (1) Cassia acutifolia, Delile, or of (2) Cassia angustifolia, Vahl (Nat. Ord. Leguminosae). (1) Eastern and central Africa;... / ...er-soluble, sulphurated glucosidecathartinic acid (which may be split into cathartogenic acid and glucose), emodin, sennacrol and sennapicrin (water-insoluble glucosides), and chrysophanic acid. Pre... / ...woman, and for children. It may be given in water, or the readyprepared lozenges may be used, the patient partaking also of plenty of water.¹

SINAPIS NIGRA
The ripe seeds of Brassica nigra (Linné), Koch (Nat. Ord. Cruciferae). Asia and southern Europe; cultivated. Dose (emetic), 1 to 3... / ...(a glucoside) and myrosin, which in the presence of water and distillation converts the former into glucose, a potassium salt, and Volatile Oil of Mustard (Oleum Sinapis Volatile), (see below) an oil ... / ...mustard internally is to cause emesis in cases of narcotic poisoning. Besides acting as a prompt emetic, there is the added value of reflex st¹

STROPHANTHUS^STROP4
The dried ripe seeds of Strophanthus Kombé, Oliver, or of Strophanthus hispidus, DeCandolle, deprived of their long awns (Nat. Ord. Apocynaceae).... / ...s. Principal Constituents.Strophanthin (C31H48O128 to 10 per cent), a bitter glucoside yielding glucose and strophanthidin (see below), kombic acid, inert alkaloid ineine and tanginin. Preparation... / ...It has been reported useful in cases of mitral regurgitation with dilatation; mitral stenosis with regurgitation; regurgitation wi¹

UVA URSI
The dried leaves of Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (Linné), Sprengel (Nat. Ord. Ericaceae). A perennial evergreen common in the northern part of Europe... / ...nstituents.A bitter glucoside arbutin (C12H16O7), yielding hydroquinone, methyl-hydroquinone, and glucose; ericolin (C10H16O), ursone, tannic and gallic acids. Preparation.Specific Medicine Uva Ur... / ...dark or brownish-green. This should be explained to patients taking the drug in order to allay any unnecessary fears the phenomenon may excite.¹

References

1) Felter, Harvey Wickes, 1922, The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Ledgend of Medicine

MODERN MEDICINES

HOME REMEDIES

RANDOM DRUGS

RANDOM AILMENTS

Glucose

Glucose FDA Approved Drugs

Felter's Materia Medica on Glucose

References