Test
Heart diseases are the number one killer in the U.S. They are also a major cause of disability. If you do have a heart disease, it is important to find it early, when it is easier to treat. Blood tests and heart health tests can help find heart diseases or identify problems that can lead to heart diseases. There are several different types of heart health tests. Your doctor will decide which test or tests you need, based on your symptoms (if any), risk factors, and medical history.
Cardiac CatheterizationCardiac catheterization is a medical procedure used to diagnose and treat some heart conditions. For the procedure, your doctor puts a catheter (a long, thin, flexible tube) into a blood vessel in your arm, groin, or neck, and threads it to your heart. The doctor can use the catheter to:
- Do a coronary angiography. This involves putting a special type of dye in the catheter, so the dye can flow through your bloodstream to your heart. Then your doctor takes x-rays of your heart. The dye allows your doctor to see your coronary arteries on the x-ray, and to check for coronary artery disease (plaque buildup in the arteries).
- Take samples of blood and heart muscle
- Do procedures such as minor heart surgery or angioplasty, if your doctor finds that you need it
A cardiac CT (computed tomography) scan is a painless imaging test that uses x-rays to take detailed pictures of your heart and its blood vessels. Computers can combine these pictures to create a three-dimensional (3D) model of the whole heart. This test can help doctors detect or evaluate:
- Coronary artery disease
- Calcium buildup in the coronary arteries
- Problems with the aorta
- Problems with heart function and valves
- Pericardial diseases
Before you have the test, you get an injection of contrast dye. The dye highlights your heart and blood vessels in the pictures. The CT scanner is a large, tunnel-like machine. You lie still on a table which slides you into the scanner, and the scanner takes the pictures for about 15 minutes.
Cardiac MRICardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is a painless imaging test that uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create detailed pictures of your heart. It can help your doctor figure out whether you have heart disease, and if so, how severe it is. A cardiac MRI can also help your doctor decide the best way to treat heart problems such as:
- Coronary artery disease
- Heart valve problems
- Pericarditis
- Cardiac tumors
- Damage from a heart attack
The MRI is a large, tunnel-like machine. You lie still on a table which slides you into the MRI machine. The machine makes loud noises as it takes pictures of your heart. It usually takes about 30-90 minutes. Sometimes before the test, you might get an injection of contrast dye. The dye highlights your heart and blood vessels in the pictures.
Chest X-RayA chest x-ray creates pictures of the organs and structures inside your chest, such as your heart, lungs, and blood vessels. It can reveal signs of heart failure, as well as lung disorders and other causes of symptoms not related to heart disease.
Coronary AngiographyCoronary angiography (angiogram) is a procedure that uses contrast dye and x-ray pictures to look at the insides of your arteries. It can show whether plaque is blocking your arteries and how severe the blockage is. Doctors use this procedure to diagnose heart diseases after chest pain, sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), or abnormal results from other heart tests such as an EKG or a stress test.
You usually have a cardiac catheterization to get the dye into your coronary arteries. Then you have special x-rays while the dye is flowing through your coronary arteries. The dye lets your doctor study the flow of blood through your heart and blood vessels.
EchocardiographyEchocardiography, or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create moving pictures of your heart. The pictures show the size and shape of your heart. They also show how well your heart's chambers and valves are working. Doctors use an echo to diagnose many different heart problems, and to check how severe they are.
For the test, a technician applies gel to your chest. The gel helps sound waves reach your heart. The technician moves a transducer (wand-like device) around on your chest. The transducer connects to a computer. It transmits ultrasound waves into your chest, and the waves bounce (echo) back. The computer converts the echoes into pictures of your heart.
Electrocardiogram (EKG), (ECG)An electrocardiogram, also called an ECG or EKG, is a painless test that detects and records your heart's electrical activity. It shows how fast your heart is beating and whether its rhythm is steady or irregular.
An EKG may be part of a routine exam to screen for heart disease. Or you may get it to detect and study heart problems such as heart attacks, arrhythmia, and heart failure.
For the test, you lie still on a table and a nurse or technician attaches electrodes (patches that have sensors) to the skin on your chest, arms, and legs. Wires connect the electrodes to a machine that records your heart's electrical activity.
Stress TestingStress testing looks at how your heart works during physical stress. It can help to diagnose coronary artery disease, and to check how severe it is. It can also check for other problems, including heart valve disease and heart failure.
For the test, you exercise (or are given medicine if you are unable to exercise) to make your heart work hard and beat fast. While this is happening, you get an EKG and blood pressure monitoring. Sometimes you may also have an echocardiogram, or other imaging tests such as a nuclear scan. For the nuclear scan, you get an injection of a tracer (a radioactive substance), which travels to your heart. Special cameras detect the energy from the tracer to make pictures of your heart. You have pictures taken after you exercise, and then after you rest.
NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
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Felter's Materia Medica on Test
   The flowering tops and leaves of Artemisia Absinthium, Linné (Nat. Ord. Compositae); Europe, Siberia, Barbary, Newfoundland, and the United... / ...n of the heart. Though less agreeable than santonin, it may also be used for the expulsion of the intestinal parasites-Ascaris vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides. The oil may be given in doses of 1...2
   ...id itself must never be tasted, and the solution only when extremely diluted, and then with the greatest of caution. Aconitine is soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene; very slightly in water. Other ......ll to 30 or 40 beats per minute and muscular weakness become extreme. Eclectic teaching has long protested against giving aconite in doses sufficient to produce these effects, which some, with extreme...2
   The rhizome and rootlets of Actaea alba, Bigelow (Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceae). A perennial of the United States east of the Mississippi, abounding in... / ...ting in general somewhat like cimicifuga. In large doses it is emeto-cathartic, and serious gastrointestinal irritation and inflammation have resulted from overdoses of it. It deserves a more extended... / ...arising from derangement of the reproductive organs. Like cimicifuga it is useful in atonic indigestion of the nervous dyspepsia type. 2
   The whole plant of Adonis vernalis, Linné. (Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceae). Southern Europe, Siberia, and Labrador. Dose, 1/2 to 3 grains. Common Name: Pheasant's Eye. Principal... / ...epilepsy, administering it with bromide of potassium. It should not be given when there is gastro-intestinal irritation or inflammation. 2
   ...ons.Sense of constriction, tightness, or uneasiness in the rectum, with or without hemorrhoids; intestinal irritation with constriction and colicky pain near the umbilicus; dyspnea and constriction ......portion of the sternum, with or without irritative cough, that is relieved by it. It is useful in intestinal irritability with the contractive colic-like pain centering in the umbilical region, probab...2
   ....Agar has no action upon the human body nor is it in turn affected by the digestive ferments or intestinal flora. It has the property of absorbing moisture and swelling to a soft mass, and for this ......r this purpose is given in constipation as a mechanical laxative; rendering the best service when intestinal secretion is scanty, and in consequence, the feces are abnormally dry. From one teaspoonful...2
   The whole plant of Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linné (Nat. Ord. Rosaceae). A common perennial in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Dose, 5 to 60... / ...he infusion is especially useful. We have known it to give relief in abdominal pain due to faulty intestinal digestion. Dribbling of urine in old persons is said to be relieved by agrimony. 2
   The bulb of Allium sativum, Linné (Nat. Ord. Liliaceae). Sicily, Asia Minor, and Central Asia; cultivated also in the United States and Europe.... / ...ominal inflammations. It sometimes excites a flow of urine in atony of the bladder, and in gastro-intestinal catarrh it is as efficient as the spice poultice. Applied to the feet it has been successfu...2
   ...of Aloes (10 per cent of Aloes). Dose, 15 to 60 minims. Specific Indications.Atony of the large intestine and rectum; mucoid discharges, prolapsus ani, ascaris vermicularis (Scudder). Difficult evac......e. It strongly increases colonic peristalsis, but does not greatly increase the secretions of the intestinal glands, consequently the stools are feculent rather than watery, unless the dose be large. ......both very useful in delicate women who are subject to amenorrhoea or menorrhagia, with pelvic and intestinal torpor, poor appetite, and a weak circulation. As most of these cases are profoundly consti...2
   The decorticated dried root of Althaea officinalis, Linné (Nat. Ord. Malvaceae), a plant of salt marshes, river banks, and moist, sandy soils.... / ...he irritated and inflamed mucous surfaces, in hoarseness, cough due to faucial irritation, gastro-intestinal irritation and inflammation, and as a soothing drink in vesical and renal irritation and in... / ...freely. A syrup of marshmallow is a good vehicle for pectoral medication. 2
   The root of Anemopsis californica, Hooker (Nat. Ord. Saururaceae). A native perennial of wet places in Southern California and Northern Mexico.... / ... and anti-emetic. A mucous membrane stimulant for catarrhal conditions of the respiratory, gastro-intestinal, and genito-urinal tracts. It has given good results in bronchial cough and nasal catarrh. ... / ...the excessive discharges of chronic gonorrhea, acting somewhat like cubeb. 2
   The flower-heads of Anthemis nobilis, Linné, (Nat. Ord. Compositae). Collected from cultivated plants. Common Names: Roman Chamomile, Chamomile, English... / ...orrhea to check pain and facilitate the flow. The oil may be employed for a like purpose, and for intestinal cramps and colic due to flatulency. Anthemis is little used. 2
   ...hysteroidal conditions; convulsive disorders from purely functional wrongs of the stomach, gastro-intestinal irritation, with flatulence and palpitation of the heart; dry, deep, choking bronchial coug......ith flatulence and nervous excitability, and in the flatulent colic of children and flatus due to intestinal indigestion of old persons, asafetida is extremely satisfactory. Tympanites occurring durin...2
   The rhizome and rootlets of Asarum canadense, Linné (Nat. Ord. Aristolochiaceae). A native perennial of the United States found in rich soils in woods, mountains, and along road sides.... / ...o be used in the chronic coughs of debility to aid expectoration. It is contraindicated by gastro-intestinal inflammation. 2
   The root of Asclepias syriaca (Asclepias Cornuti, in the original), Decaisne (Nat. Ord. Asclepiadaceae). Common in rich soils throughout the... / ...nstipation is said to be favorably influenced by it, and in full doses it is recommended to expel intestinal worms. The drug deserves study. The young shoots or turiones are a favorite pot-herb or...2
Physician's Materia Medica on Test
   A powerful antiseptic and germicide, also an energetic and rapid poison; used internally as an anti-emetic and a gastric and in testinal antiseptic. Locally it acts as an anesthetic and cauterant. The liquified acid is applied in full strength to cauterize or thoroughly cleanse infected wounds, followed by strongalcohol to neu tralize its devitalizing effects. Carbolated oil (10 grs. to the ounce) or a carbolated ointment of similar strength, is one of the best dress ings for burns, scalds and i3
   Classed as tonic and astringent. Used in some forms of gas tric and intestinal indigestion and for relief of diarrhea in children. Locally acts as a cauterant, and formerly much used in treatment of chancres, chancroids, phagedenic ulcers and gangrene. Dose of the official diluted acid (10%), 0.6 to 1.6 c. c. (10 to 25 M).3
   Hepatic stimulant and gastric and intestinal antiseptic; pre scribed in cirrhosis of the liver, in chronic hepatitis, in dyspepsia with deficient secretion, especially with torpid liver, and for its specific action in oxaluria. Only the freshly prepared strong acid should be used, of which the dose is 0.06 to 0.2 c. c. (1 to 3 minims) to be largely diluted when taken. The oflicial diluted acid should not be prescribed .3
   A pleasantly aromatic liquid having an alkaline reaction and serving as an efficient antiseptic and germicide although not pois onous to the human subject. It differs from Antiseptine, q. v. in that it contains glycerin and is distinctly alkaline. Its chief active constituents are Thymol, Eucalyptol, Menthol, Sodium Borate and Sodium Benzoate. Internally it may be given in teaspoonful doses as a gastric and intestinal antiseptic with antacid properties, but it is much more commonly used locally 3
   A solution in a somewhat alcoholic menstruum of Oils of Eucalyp tus and Gaultheria, Thymoi, Menthol and Benzoic and Boric Acids, together with Fluid Extract of Baptisia. A non-irritant, non-toxic antiseptic, used internally in teaspoon ful doses as a gastric or intestinal antiseptic, but more commonly in the form of spray, gargle or lotion wherever a local antiseptic action is desired. For a gargle, mix one part with one of glycerin and two to four of water; for a nasal douche, 1 part with 3 to 3
   Chemical name Acetyl-salicylic Acid. Sparingly soluble in wa ter, and not disagreeable in taste. Used as a substitute for salicylic acid in acute rheumatism, also as as intestinal antiseptic. Dose, 0.3 to 1.0 Grm. (5 to 15 grs.). three times a day.3
   Hepatic stimulant, laxative and intestinal antiseptic. Each fluidrachm represents; Cascara Sagrada, 30 grs.; Blue Flag, 2 grs,; Wahoo. 3 grs.; Sodlum Phosphate, 5 grs.; Sodium Salicylate, 2 grs,; with Aromatics, q. s. Dose, as laxative, 4 c. c. (1 fluidrachm).3
   Intestinal antiseptic; prescribed in diarrhea either iodiop athic or that attending typhoid fever. Dose, 0.00006 to 0.0025 Grm. (1-1000 to 1-25 gr.).3
   A non-toxic. non-irritant antiseptic and germicide having the general properties of Antiseptine, q. v. Its chief active constituents are Formaldehyd. Eucalyptol and Boric and Benzoic Acids. It has no advantage over Antiseptine, unless it be possibly in its use as an in testinal antiseptic. Dose, 4 c. c. (one fluidrachm), three to five times daily.3
   Gum-resin obtained from FERULA GALBANIFLUA, Boiss. & Buhse. Locally applied, stimulant and irritant. Taken internally it tends to lessen excessive mucous secretion and is accordingly used in chronic bronchitis, in intestinal catarrh, leucorrhea, etc.3
Physician's Therapeutics Memoranda on Test
   Apply hot mustard poultice over abdomen. Calomel may be given in the outset or castor oil to free bowel of irritant matter. Give aromatic sulphuric acid with carminatives and intestinal antisep tics. Large rectal injections of water as hot as can be borne often give prompt relief.3
   Internally carminatives, especially chlorodyne; ether or Holl mann’sAnodyne; for infants, Lettuce Calmative. Exter nally counter-irritants, especially mustard and oil of turpentine.3
   See also Cholera Infantum, Cholera Morbus and Dysentery. Simple Atonic Diarrhea is best treated by opium combined with gastric and intestinal stimulants, carminatives and astringents. Chlorodyne is an efficient remedy, also the sun cholera mixture and similar formulas given under As......ulants, carminatives and astringents. Chlorodyne is an efficient remedy, also the sun cholera mixture and similar formulas given under Astringents, Intestinal in Part II. Many cases of diarrhea are best treated in the outset with a mer urial (calomel, mercurous iodide or blue mass) to be followed by...3
   Quinine in large doses. proceeded by calomel and a saline purge is the standard treatment. Hematuria is a contraindication. In chronic cases arsenic is the most important remedy. Intestinal or renal hemorrhages must be treated on general principles.3
References
2) Felter, Harvey Wickes, 1922, The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Cincinnati, Ohio.
3) Nelson, Baker & Co., 1904, Physician's Handy Book of Materia Medica and Therapeustics, Detroit, Michigan.