Adjuvant
What is cancer?
Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. Cancer begins in your cells, which are the building blocks of your body. Usually, your body forms new cells as needed, replacing old cells that die. Sometimes this process goes wrong. New cells grow even when you don't need them, and old cells don't die when they should. These extra cells can form a mass called a tumor.
Tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors aren't cancer, while malignant ones are. Cells from malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues. They can also break away and spread to other parts of your body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Symptoms and treatment depend on the type of cancer and how advanced it is.
What are the types of cancer?There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Cancer can start almost anywhere in your body. Most cancers are named for where they start. For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and breast cancer starts in the breast.
Cancer may also be described by the type of cell that formed it, such as sarcoma if cancer begins in your bone and soft tissue. Carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. It is formed by epithelial cells, the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of your body.
How does cancer develop?Cancer is a genetic disease. That means changes in your genes cause it. Changes in your genes are also called gene variants or mutations. Genes are parts of DNA in your cells that you inherit from your parents. However, only some cancers are caused by genes passed down from your parents.
Genetic changes can occur to your genes over your lifetime that affect how your cells function. Usually, your body gets rid of damaged cells before they turn cancerous, but this ability goes down as you age. Other factors that may affect your risk of developing cancer can include:
- Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun
- Smoking
- Your diet
- Physical inactivity
Cancer symptoms depend on the type of cancer. For example, some of the symptoms that cancer may cause can include:
- A lump in your breast
- Blood in your urine (pee) or stool (poop)
- Bleeding or bruising for no known reason
- A sore that doesn't heal
- Trouble swallowing
- A new mole or a change to a mole you already have
Cancer may cause various symptoms but often doesn't cause pain. Don't wait until you're having pain before seeing your health care provider. See your provider if you have symptoms that don't get better in a few weeks.
How is cancer diagnosed?There is no single test that can diagnose cancer. The tests ordered are usually based on your symptoms. Your provider may:
- Ask about your medical history
- Ask about your family health history, including relatives who have had cancer
- Do a physical exam
- Do a screening test such as a mammogram, colonoscopy, or a Pap test
- Order blood tests or imaging tests
To find out if you have cancer, your provider may order a biopsy. A biopsy is the procedure of removing and examining tissue, cells, or fluids from your body.
What are the treatments for cancer?Treatment depends on the type of cancer and how advanced it is. Most treatment plans may include surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. Some may involve hormone therapy, immunotherapy or other types of biological therapy, or stem cell transplantation.
Can cancer be prevented?It's usually not possible to know exactly why cancer develops in some people but not others. There are some things that you can't control which may increase or decrease your risk of getting cancer, such as inheriting certain genes or your age. But some lifestyle habits may increase your risk of certain types of cancer. Avoid or reduce lifestyle habits such as:
- Smoking and tobacco use
- Having too much sun exposure
- Drinking too much alcohol
- Not getting enough physical activity
- Having obesity
NIH: National Cancer Institute
Felter's Materia Medica on Adjuvant
I. Cinnamomum Saigonicum. Dried bark of an undetermined species of Cinnamomum. Chiefly from China. II. Cinnamomum Zeylanicum. Dried bark of... / ... griping when given with purgatives, and it enters into the composition of spice poultice, a useful adjuvant in the treatment of some forms of gastro-intestinal disorders. Cinnamon has been proved in ...1
The dried, ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum, Linné. (Nat. Ord. Umbelliferae) Italy, and cultivated in other parts of the world. Dose, 20 to 60 grains. Common Names: Coriander, Coriander Fruit, Coriander Seed. Principal Constituent.An aromatic oil (Oleum Coriandri). Preparation.Specific Medicine Coriander. Dose, 10 to 60 drops. Action and Therapy.Stimulant and carminative; but mostly used as an adjuvant or corrigent to other medicines.1
The leaves of Gaultheria procumbens, Linné (Nat. Ord. Ericaceae). Damp woods and sandy soils of eastern third of the United States. Common... / ...ent urine. While few agents should be administered with digitalis, oil of wintergreen is a grateful adjuvant and does not impair the usefulness of the foxglove. If for any reason sodium salicylate di... / ...of infants. Gaultheria is an agent of special value as a flavoring agent and preservative for water-dispensed medicines in the summer season. Fo1
The flowers of Lavandula vera, De Candolle (Nat. Ord. Labiatae). Dry sterile soils of mountainous elevations in southern Europe and northern... / ...ded to many mixtures to give color, and all of the lavender preparations are used as corrigents and adjuvants of less agreeable medicines. Scudder valued the compound tincture in nervous irritability ...1
The inner bark of the root and tree of Mangifera indica, Linné (Nat. Ord. Anacardiaceae). A native East Indian fruit tree; naturalized in the... / ...egmonous forms of tonsillitis. Too much has been claimed for it in diphtheria, though its use as an adjuvant is not inappropriate, especially if there is either much redness and pain, or relaxation of... / ...and digestion, and apparently is non- constipating. When not contraindicated syrup is a fairly good vehicle for mangifera in throat affections.1
Physician's Materia Medica on Adjuvant
The leaves, also the root of ATROPA BELLADONNA, Lin. My driatic, a deliriant narcotic, analgesic, antispasmodic. Suppresses secretion of skin and mucous membranes; antagonistic to Morphine. Externally applied to relieve pain, to restrain secretion of milk and for its effect on the eye. Internally used in night sweats and incon tinence of urine, in febrile conditions, as an adjuvant with laxatives, etc. Dose, 0.03 to 0.13 Grm. (% to 2 grs. )or more. [The derivative alkaloids of Belladonnl-1, Atro2
The root of TARAXACUM OFFICINALE, WEBER. Tonic, hepatic stimulant, alterative, laxative, diuretic. Prescribed generally as an adjuvant to more eflicient remedies.2
The petals of the flowers of ROSA CENTIFOLIA, Lin. (Pale Rose) and of R GALLICA, Lin. (Red Rose). The latter especially is as tringent, but is little used except as an adjuvant. [Confection Rose enters into the formulas of several oficial pills, such as Pills Aloes and Iron, U. S. P.].2
The rhizome of ACORUS CALAMUS, Lin. Aromatic, stimulant diaphoretic, stomachic. Used chiefly as a carminative adjuvant to other remedies.2
References
2) Nelson, Baker & Co., 1904, Physician's Handy Book of Materia Medica and Therapeustics, Detroit, Michigan.