White
What is leukemia?
Leukemia is a term for cancers of the blood cells. Leukemia starts in blood-forming tissues such as the bone marrow. Your bone marrow makes the cells which will develop into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Each type of cell has a different job:
- White blood cells help your body fight infection
- Red blood cells deliver oxygen from your lungs to your tissues and organs
- Platelets help form clots to stop bleeding
When you have leukemia, your bone marrow makes large numbers of abnormal cells. This problem most often happens with white blood cells. These abnormal cells build up in your bone marrow and blood. They crowd out the healthy blood cells and make it hard for your cells and blood to do their work.
What are the types of leukemia in children?There are different types of leukemia. Some types are acute (fast growing). They usually get worse quickly if they are not treated. Most childhood leukemias are acute:
- Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), which is the most common type of leukemia in children and the most common cancer in children. In ALL, the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which happens when bone marrow makes abnormal myeloblasts (a type of white blood cell), red blood cells, or platelets.
Other types of leukemia are chronic (slow growing). They usually get worse over a longer period of time. They are rare in children:
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), in which the bone marrow makes abnormal lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). It is more common in teens than children.
- Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), in which the bone marrow makes abnormal granulocytes (a type of white blood cell). It is very rare in children.
There are some other rare types of leukemia in children, including juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML).
What causes leukemia in children?Leukemia happens when there are changes in the genetic material (DNA) in bone marrow cells. The cause of these genetic changes is unknown. However, there are certain factors that raise the risk of childhood leukemia.
Who is at risk for leukemia in children?The factors that raise the risk of childhood leukemia include:
- Having a brother or sister, especially a twin, with leukemia
- Past treatment with chemotherapy
- Exposure to radiation, including radiation therapy
- Having certain genetic conditions, such as
- Ataxia telangiectasia
- Down syndrome
- Fanconi anemia
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome
- Neurofibromatosis type 1
There are other factors that may raise the risk of getting one or more of the specific types of childhood leukemia.
What are the symptoms of leukemia in children?Some of the symptoms of leukemia may include:
- Feeling tired
- Fever or night sweats
- Easy bruising or bleeding
- Weight loss or loss of appetite
- Petechiae, which are tiny red dots under the skin. They are caused by bleeding.
Other leukemia symptoms can be different from type to type. Chronic leukemia may not cause symptoms at first.
How is leukemia in children diagnosed?Your health care provider may use many tools to diagnose leukemia:
- A physical exam
- A medical history
- Blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC)
- Bone marrow tests. There are two main types - bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow biopsy. Both tests involve removing a sample of bone marrow and bone. The samples are sent to a lab for testing.
- Genetic tests to look for gene and chromosome changes
Once there is a diagnosis of leukemia, other tests may be done to see whether the cancer has spread. These include imaging tests and a lumbar puncture, which is a procedure to collect and test cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
What are the treatments for leukemia in children?The treatments for leukemia depend on which type it is, how severe the leukemia is, the child's age, and other factors. Possible treatments might include:
- chemotherapy
- radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy with stem cell transplant
- Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells
Treatment for childhood leukemia is often successful. But the treatments can cause complications right away or later in life. Children who survived leukemia will need follow-up care the rest of their lives to watch for and treat any complications they may have.
NIH: National Cancer Institute
White FDA Approved Drugs
- Use for treatment of diaper dermatitis complicated by candidiasis.
Home Remedies for White
   Mix equal parts brown Listerine antiseptic mouth wash and white vinegar. Soak feet in solution for 30 minutes daily until infection is cured.OscarWilde | November 4th, 2017
   Red clover (Trifolium pratense) contains antimicrobials and anti-inflammatory substances. It... / ...y: Heat flowering red clover plant in water just below boiling until plant is soft. Remove water and make a paste from the plant. Then add a little white flour. Place the poultice onto the affected skin for 30 minutes. Reapply a few time a day, as needed.
Do not take internally while taking asp...
Mechanism - allantoin and othersIvanTurgenev | August 12th, 2020
Felter's Materia Medica on White
   The dried gummy exudate of Acacia Senegal, Willdenow; and of some other African species of Acacia. (Nat. Ord. Leguminosae.) Eastern Africa... / ...lcium, magnesium, and potassium. Description.Tears or fragments of a nearly odorless, translucent white, yellowwhite, to pale amber-colored exudate, having a rather insipid and mucilaginous taste; s... / ...by irritant and corrosive poisons. Acacia may be given freely and at pleasure, in the form of owder, troches, mucilage, or syrup, as desired. 2
   The dried tuberous root of Aconitum Napellus, Linné (Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceae). Mountains of Europe and Asia, and northwestern North America.... / ...tine (C34H47011N) one of the most poisonous of known alkaloids, occurring as permanent colorless or white crystals, without odor. A drop of solution of one part of aconitine in 100,000 of water will p... / ...approaching from the extremities to the body. Excessive sweating comes on, rapidly lowering the body temperature, dimness of vision, 2
   The rhizome and rootlets of Actaea alba, Bigelow (Nat. Ord. Ranunculaceae). A perennial of the United States east of the... / ...ppi, abounding in the rich mold of rocky forests and hillsides. Dose, 1 to 20 grains. Common Names: White Cohosh, White Baneberry, White Beads. Principal Constituents.A non-acrid and non-bitter resi... / ...arising from derangement of the reproductive organs. Like cimicifuga it is useful in atonic indigestion of the nervous dyspepsia type. 2
   The fecula or starch of the seed of Zea Mays, Linné... / ... Ord. Gramineae). (Formula: C6 H10 05). Common Name: Corn Starch. Description.Irregular, angular, white masses, or a fine, white powder; inodorous, with a slight but characteristic taste. Insoluble ... / ...Diluted starch paste may be used as a lenitive after other forms of irritant poisoning, and as a mucilage for the administration of medicines. 2
   The root of Asclepias incarnata, Linné (Nat. Ord. Asclepiadaceae). Common in damp and wet grounds throughout the United... / ...tates. Dose, 1 to 60 grains. Common Names: Flesh-colored Asclepias, Swamp Milkweed, Swamp Silkweed, White Indian Hemp, Rose-colored Silkweed. Principal Constituents.A fixed and a volatile oil, two a... / ...is a stomachic and of some value in chronic catarrh of the stomach. In powder, 10 to 20 grains, 3 times a day, it is said to expel lumbricoids. 2
   The root of Berberis aquifolium, Pursh (Nat. Ord. Berberidaceae). Western United States from Colorado to the Pacific coast; cultivated also for... / ...pe, Mountain Grape. Principal Constituents.Berberine, the yellow alkaloid (see Hydrastis) and two white alkaloidsberbamine and oxyacanthine. Preparation.Specific Medicine Berberis. Dose, 1 to 30...2
   The fungus Polyporus officinalis, Fries... / ...etus laricis, jacquin). (Nat. Ord. Fungi.) Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central America. Common Names: White Agaric, Purging Agaric, Larch Agaric. Principal Constituents.Agaric Acid (Agaricin) (C16 H30... / ...is one of the most effectual of antihydrotics. In 113 grain doses it controls the thirst, cough, and the excessive sweating of consumptives.2
   The root of Jateorhiza palmata (Lamarck), Miers (Nat. Ord. Menispermaceae). A climbing perennial, the Kalumb of the Southeast coast of Africa.... / ...C42H44O14), a bitter principle, berberine (C20H17NO4) with columbic acid, and columbine, a possible white alkaloid, may be present. No tannin is present. Preparations.1. Infusum Calumbae, Infusion o... / ...local action, and indirectly, by favoring better digestion, the quality of the blood is improved, hence its value in anemia during convalescence.2
   ...mon Names: Camphor, Laurel Camphor, Gum Camphor (it is not a gum). Description.Tough, translucent white lumps or granules, having the pungent taste known as camphoraceous, and an aromatic penetratin......ops. For external use chiefly. 4. Ceratum Camphorae. Camphor Cerate. (Composed of Camphor Liniment, White Wax, White Petrolatum, and Benzoinated Lard.) For external use. Action.Camphor causes a loca...2
   The dried, recently decapsulated fruit of Elettaria Cardamomum, White et Maton. (Nat. Ord. Zingiberaceae.) Mountainous coasts of Malabar. Dose, 5 to 6O... / The dried, recently decapsulated fruit of Elettaria Cardamomum, White et Maton. (Nat. Ord. Zingiberaceae.) Mountainous coasts of Malabar. Dose, 5 to 6O grains. Comm... / ...colic, and to flavor tinctures, syrups, and other medicines, particularly alkaline mixtures, the compound tincture imparting to these an agreeable taste and color.2
   The root, root-bark, and leaves of Ceanothus americanus, Marshall (Nat. Ord. Rhamnaceae.) A small shrub indigenous to the United States,... / ... Root, New Jersey Tea. Principal Constituents.Tannin, a volatile oil, resin, ceanothus-red, and a white alkaloid ceanothine. Preparation.Specific Medicine Ceanothus. Dose, 1 to 20 drops. Specific ...2
   Yellow wax bleached by exposure to air, light, and moisture. (See Cera Flava.) Common Name: White Wax. Description.A yellowish-white solid, translucent in thin layers, having an insipid tast......ile and fixed oils and fuses with fats and resins. Preparation,Ceratum, Cerate, (Simple Cerate). (White Wax 3, Benzoinated Lard 7.) CERA FLAVA. A peculiar concrete substance prepared by melting and......aks with a granular fracture. Soluble in ether, chloroform and fixed and volatile oils. Uses.Both white and yellow wax are principally employed in the making of ointments, cerates, and plasters, to ...2
   The rhizome and rootlets of Coptis trifolia, Salisbury. (Nat. Ord. Berberidaceae.) A plant of dark, cold swamps and sphagnous woods, found in... / ...ad, Mouth Root, Canker Root. Principal Constituents.-Two alkaloids: berberine (yellow) and coptine (white). It is devoid of starch, tannin or resin. Preparations1. Decoctum Coptis, Decoction of Copt...2
   The feculence of the juice of the fruit of Ecballium Elaterium (Linné), A. Richard. (Nat. Ord. Cucurbitaceae.) A trailing vine of southern... / ...Dose, 1 to 20 drops. Derivative.Elaterinum, Elaterin. (Odorless, very bitter, and slightly acrid, white scales or crystals; permanent in the air. Very soluble in chloroform; sparingly in alcohol, an... / ...is preferred by some physicians, though elaterium, notwithstanding its impurities, seems to be more generally efficient than its derivative.2
   The dried bark of Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lamarck, and Fraxinus americana,... / ... United States and Canada. Dose, 10 to 60 grains. Common Names: 1. Black Ash, Elder-leaved Ash. 2. White Ash. Principal Constituent.A bitter alkaloid in minute quantity. Preparation.Specific Medi......n claimed, is extremely doubtful and lacks sufficient proof to be given credence. Its relative, the White Ash, is said to be cathartic.2
Physician's Materia Medica on White
   The fungus, POLYPORUs OFFICINALIs, Fries. Suppresses secre tions of skin and lacteal glands. Used chiefly to relieve night sweats. In large doses, cathartic. The active principle is agaricin, which is given in doses of 0.016 to 0.06 Grm. ( % to 1 gr.).3
   The rhizome of HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS; Lin. Tonic, alterative to mucous membranes, uterine hemostatic. hepatic stimulant and aperient. Used much in dyspeptic troubles, in mt-norrhagia and dysmenorrhea, and for its local effect in canker of the mouth, ulcerat ed sore throat, fissures of the nipple, hemorrhoids as well as in con junctivitis. leucorrhea and especially in gonorrhea. The yellow alka loid Berberim, q. v. is simply tonic and perhaps antiperiodic. The white alkaloid flydrastine, q. v. is 3
   A very deliquescent white salt. Diuretic in small, cathartic in large doses, distinctly cholagogue; increases alkalinity of the system. hence anti-lithic and antirheumatic. Dose as a diuretic or anti lithic, 1 to 4 Grm. (15 to 60 grs.).3
   A combination remarkable for its diaphoretic action. which surpasses that of any single drug, Pilocarpus only excepted. Made in accordance with the National Formulary, each fluidounce represents; Rhubarb, 3 1/2 grs.; Angelica seed, 3 1/2 grs-; Elecampane. 1 3/4 grs.; Saffron, 1 3/4 grs.; Fennel, 1 3/4 grs.; Gentian, 7/8 gr.; Zedoary root, 7/8 gr.; Cubeb, 7/8 gr.; Myrrh, 7/8 gr.; White Agaric. 7/8 gr.; Camphor, 7/8 gr.; Quinine Sulphate, 10 grs.; Extract Aloes, 8 grs. The Tincture is often speci3
   The bark of FRAXINUS AMERICANA Lin. Tonic, cathartic, febrifuge, antiarthritic; a vaso-motor stimulant. Has been recommended in uterine diseases dependent upon plethora.3
   The rhizome and rootlets of VERATRUM ALBUM, Lin. Properties of American Hellebore, q. v.3
   The root of ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA, Lin. Diaphoretic, anthel mintic, diuretic, alterative. cardiac tonic; used inchronic catarrh of the stomach and more frequently as a vermifuge.3
   The bark of QUERCUS ALBA, Lin. A powerful astringent and hemostatic; used occasionally in chronic diarrhea; topically as an astringent gargle, wash or injection.3
   The inner bark of PINUS STROBUS, Lin. Astringent, mildly terebinthinate. Used in chronic bronchitis, generally in combination with more eflicient remedies.3
   The rhizome of CASTALIA ODONATA, (Dry.) Woody. & Wood. Astringent. demulcent, alterative, anodyne; used in passive fluxes in scrofulous and in bronchial affections; topically as astringent gargle, wash or injection.3
References
2) Felter, Harvey Wickes, 1922, The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Cincinnati, Ohio.
3) Nelson, Baker & Co., 1904, Physician's Handy Book of Materia Medica and Therapeustics, Detroit, Michigan.
