Diarrhea
What is diarrhea?
Diarrhea is loose, watery stools (bowel movements). You have diarrhea if you have loose stools three or more times in one day. Acute diarrhea is diarrhea that lasts a short time. It is a common problem. It usually lasts about one or two days, but it may last longer. Then it goes away on its own.
Diarrhea lasting more than a few days may be a sign of a more serious problem. Chronic diarrhea -- diarrhea that lasts at least four weeks -- can be a symptom of a chronic disease. Chronic diarrhea symptoms may be continual, or they may come and go.
What causes diarrhea?The most common causes of diarrhea include:
- Bacteria from contaminated food or water
- Viruses such as the flu, norovirus, or rotavirus . Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in children.
- Parasites, which are tiny organisms found in contaminated food or water
- Medicines such as antibiotics, cancer drugs, and antacids that contain magnesium
- Food intolerances and sensitivities, which are problems digesting certain ingredients or foods. An example is lactose intolerance.
- Diseases that affect the stomach, small intestine, or colon, such as Crohn's disease
- Problems with how the colon functions, such as irritable bowel syndrome
Some people also get diarrhea after stomach surgery, because sometimes the surgeries can cause food to move through your digestive system more quickly.
Sometimes no cause can be found. If your diarrhea goes away within a few days, finding the cause is usually not necessary.
Who is at risk for diarrhea?People of all ages can get diarrhea. On average, adults In the United States have acute diarrhea once a year. Young children have it an average of twice a year.
People who visit developing countries are at risk for traveler's diarrhea. It is caused by consuming contaminated food or water.
What other symptoms might I have with diarrhea?Other possible symptoms of diarrhea include:
- Cramps or pain in the abdomen
- An urgent need to use the bathroom
- Loss of bowel control
If a virus or bacteria is the cause of your diarrhea, you may also have a fever, chills, and bloody stools.
Diarrhea can cause dehydration, which means that your body does not have enough fluid to work properly. Dehydration can be serious, especially for children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.
When do I need to see a health care provider for diarrhea?Although it is usually not harmful, diarrhea can become dangerous or signal a more serious problem. Contact your health care provider if you have:
- Signs of dehydration
- Diarrhea for more than 2 days, if you are an adult. For children, contact the provider if it lasts more than 24 hours.
- Severe pain in your abdomen or rectum (for adults)
- A fever of 102 degrees or higher
- Stools containing blood or pus
- Stools that are black and tarry
If children have diarrhea, parents or caregivers should not hesitate to call a health care provider. Diarrhea can be especially dangerous in newborns and infants.
How is the cause of diarrhea diagnosed?To find the cause of diarrhea, your health care provider may:
- Do a physical exam
- Ask about any medicines you are taking
- Test your stool or blood to look for bacteria, parasites, or other signs of disease or infection
- Ask you to stop eating certain foods to see whether your diarrhea goes away
If you have chronic diarrhea, your health care provider may perform other tests to look for signs of disease.
What are the treatments for diarrhea?Diarrhea is treated by replacing lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration. Depending on the cause of the problem, you may need medicines to stop the diarrhea or treat an infection.
Adults with diarrhea should drink water, fruit juices, sports drinks, sodas without caffeine, and salty broths. As your symptoms improve, you can eat soft, bland food.
Children with diarrhea should be given oral rehydration solutions to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
Can diarrhea be prevented?Two types of diarrhea can be prevented - rotavirus diarrhea and traveler's diarrhea. There are vaccines for rotavirus. They are given to babies in two or three doses.
You can help prevent traveler's diarrhea by being careful about what you eat and drink when you are in developing countries:
- Use only bottled or purified water for drinking, making ice cubes, and brushing your teeth
- If you do use tap water, boil it or use iodine tablets
- Make sure that the cooked food you eat is fully cooked and served hot
- Avoid unwashed or unpeeled raw fruits and vegetables
NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Diarrhea FDA Approved Drugs
- Symptomatic relief of non-infectious diarrhea.
Eli Lilly And CoMay 26, 2015
- Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (ibs-d) with viberzi (eluxadoline).
- Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (ibs-d) with viberzi (eluxadoline)..
- The treatment of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea in combination with somatostatin analog (ssa) therapy in adults inadequately controlled by ssa therapy.
- Method of treating travelers' diarrhea.
- The treatment of patients with travelers' diarrhea (td) or the reduction in risk of overt hepatic encephalopathy (he) recurrence.
Home Remedies for Diarrhea
   Skullcap (Scutellaria spp.), or "mad dog weed", is used as a sedative by people in the Appalachian mountains. Was used by American Indians to treat heart disease, diarrhea, eliminate after-birth and foster menstruation.
Steep 2 teaspoons dried leaves in boiling water for 15 minutes. Drink 3 to 4 cups a day maximum.
Mechanism - flavonoids and essential oilIvanTurgenev | August 4th, 2020
Felter's Materia Medica on Diarrhea
   The dried gummy exudate of Acacia Senegal, Willdenow; and of some other African species of Acacia. (Nat. Ord. Leguminosae.) Eastern Africa... / ...cinal preparations for coughs, colds, hoarseness, pharyngitis, gastric irritation and inflammation, diarrhea, dysentery, ardor urinae, etc. It also forms a good mucilage in which to suspend heavy and ... / ...by irritant and corrosive poisons. Acacia may be given freely and at pleasure, in the form of owder, troches, mucilage, or syrup, as desired. 2
   The unripe seed of the Avena sativa, Linné, and the farina derived from the ripened seed (Nat. Ord. Graminaceae). Probably indigenous to Sicily... / ...l nourished and suffering from summer diarrhoeal disorders. It is also used as a demulcent drink in diarrhea and dysentery of adults. When so used, it should be about the consistence of milk. Oatmeal ... / ...off the habit has not been sustained. In our own experience we have utterly failed to accomplish any good with it in any form of drug habit. 2
   A balsam obtained from Toluifera Pereirae (Royle) Baillon. San Salvador in Central America; called Balsam of Peru because first exported to Europe... / ...iseptic and parasitic properties. Large doses cause gastro-intestinal irritation, with vomiting and diarrhea. Internally it causes increased circulation, some cutaneous warmth, and augments the flow o... / ...balsam should not be used in inflammatory or febrile conditions; and its use should be discontinued if it produces gastro-intestinal irritation.2
   The recent root and leaves of Baptisia tinctoria, Robert Brown (Nat. Ord. Leguminosae), a perennial shrub-like plant, indigenous to North... / ... the admixture of decomposed blood. In fact, it is likely to be indicated by any form of persistent diarrhea accompanying this type of fever. Typhomalarial fever, which is most generally predominantly... / ...healing of the ulcerated surfaces. In all of the local disorders mentioned, baptisia should be given internally as well as applied locally.2
   The fungus Polyporus officinalis, Fries (Boletus laricis, jacquin). (Nat. Ord. Fungi.) Asia, Eastern Europe, and Central America. Common Names:... / ...be used in cases of impaired nutrition with feeble cerebral circulation. To some extent it controls diarrhea, cough, hectic fever, rapid circulation, and the profuse night-sweats of phthisis. The dose... / ...is one of the most effectual of antihydrotics. In 113 grain doses it controls the thirst, cough, and the excessive sweating of consumptives.2
   The root of Bryonia dioica, Jacquin, and Bryonia alba, Linné (Nat. Ord. Cucurbitaceae.) Europe. Common Names: Bryony, Bastard Turnip, Devil's... / ...oses it causes severe gastro-enteritis, and has caused death. The chief symptoms are uncontrollable diarrhea and vomiting, dizziness, lowered temperature, dilated pupils, cold perspiration, thread-lik... / ...its origin in irritation or erethism. Tensive or sharp pains are almost always present, and the secretion, if there is any, is small in quantit2
   The dried bark of Rhamnus Purshiana, De Candolle (Nat. Ord. Rhamnaceae). A shrub of Northern Idaho and the Pacific coast. Dose, 5 to 30... / ...al catarrh, with jaundice, are often rectified by cascara, and it has given good results in chronic diarrhea when accompanied by hepatic torpor. Only preparations of old cascara bark are desirable; th... / ...Dose: One half to one teaspoonful at bedtime. If a more profound action is desired a half drachm of Specific Medicine Podophyllum may be added.2
   The bark of the root of Chionanthus virginicus, Linné. (Nat. Ord. Oleaceae.) United States from Pennsylvania southward. Dose, 5 to 30... / ... upon water, the urine scanty and orange-tinted, there are occasional hectic flushes, and sometimes diarrhea, with frothy, yeast-like stools. Chionanthus is the most positive remedy for simple jaundic... / ...never reach the true diabetic state. There is good reason to believe that the prolonged use of chionanthus will be of much benefit in such cases.2
   ...ith or without chalk or bismuth, or its equivalent in infusion has long figured in the treatment of diarrhea and acute dysentery, though it does not equal in the latter condition other agents which we......ry, though it does not equal in the latter condition other agents which we now use specifically. In diarrhea it should be used in small doses if of the acute type, and in large doses in chronic noninf...2
   The tubers of Dicentra canadensis, DeCandolle. (Nat. Ord. Fumariaceae.) Eastern half of the United States, in rich soils of woods. Dose, 10 to 60... / ... be exhibited with good effect, and it may be given as a tonic in digestive atony with dysentery or diarrhea in pot-bellied children with foul breath and poor digestion. It should be revived as a reme...2
   ...inent typhoid symptomsdry tongue, sordes on tongue and teeth, mental disturbances, tympanites and diarrheal dischargesand in malignant carbuncle, pyosalpinx, and thecal abscesses. Action.The phy......ting headache, joint pains, dry tongue, reduced temperature and gastro-intestinal disturbances with diarrhea are said to have resulted from large doses of the drug. Therapy.-External. Echinacea is a l...2
   ...ea; and in domestic practice it is in common use in some parts of the country to check the summer diarrheas of young children mucoenteritis, enterocolitis, gastro-enteritis, and cholera infantum. ......sations in the abdomen, sometimes amounting to pain and even colic, and accompanied by a persistent diarrhea. The infusion is the best preparation. It may be prepared in the usual way, and aromatized ...2
   The whole plant of Erigeron canadense, Linné (Nat. Ord. Compositae). A common and troublesome weed through the northern and central parts of the... / ...xcessive bowel and kidney discharges. An infusion is a deservedly popular remedy for profuse summer diarrheas of infants, especially that of cholera infantum and gastroenteritis. It is indicated by th... / ...and moderate bleeding from the stomach, bowels, and kidneys. Given in syrup it is useful as a cough medicine when there is bloody expectoration.2
   ...Euphorbia. Dose, 1/10 to 10 drops. Specific Indications.Persistent gastric irritation; irritative diarrhea of catarrhal discharges, with debility; long-pointed tongue, with prominent papillae; uneas......fly in small doses for irritation of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. It often relieves diarrhea and dysentery, with full and tenesmic passages. It is especially useful in cholera infantum...2
   The plant Frankenia salina, Chamisso and Schlectendal (Nat. Ord. Frankeniaceae) Native of California and sandy soils of adjacent Pacific... / ...y and by injection or spray, for catarrhal diseases and other discharges from the mucous membranes, diarrhea, vaginal leucorrhea, gonorrhea, and gleet, and the different types of catarrh. It is little...2
Physician's Materia Medica on Diarrhea
   Astringent but not locally hemostatic, Prescribed in diarrheas, in atonic albuminuria, in hematuria, colliquative sweats, diabetes insipidus (combined with opium) and in internal hemorrhages. Ap plied locally in ointments in hemorrhoids and for unhealthy ulcers. Dose, 0.2 to 1.0 Grm. (3 to 15 grs.)3
   Classed as tonic and astringent. Used in some forms of gas tric and intestinal indigestion and for relief of diarrhea in children. Locally acts as a cauterant, and formerly much used in treatment of chancres, chancroids, phagedenic ulcers and gangrene. Dose of the official diluted acid (10%), 0.6 to 1.6 c. c. (10 to 25 M).3
   Powerful astringent. Employed locally as a styptic; internally sometimes prescribed in diarrhea, but more commonly drugs rich in Tannin such as Blackberry or Rhatany are used. Dose, 0.12 to 0.6 Grm. (2 to 10 grs.). Ointment Tannic Acid, U. S. P., (87% grs. to the ounce). Used especially in hemorrhoids. Glycerite Tannic Acid, U. S. P. (87% grs. to the ounce). Used as application to throat in relaxed condition, also locally in chronic coryza and ozena, and in certain cutaneous diseases. as eczema,3
   The bark of ILBX VERTICILLATA ( L.) Gray. Astringent, bitter tonic, alterative, antiperiodic. Serviceable in cutaneous diseases, in diarrhea and all debilitated conditions; in dyspepsia combined with Golden-seal.3
   The bark of the root of RUBUs VILLOSUS, Ait. and other allied species of Rubus. A mild but eflicient astringent. Very useful in diarrheas, passive fluxes and as a topical remedy in relaxed condi tions generally.3
   The rhizome of OSMUNDA REGALIS, Lin. Mucilaginous, tonic, astringent. Used in chronic coughs and in diarrheas.3
   A stearopten obtained from CINNAMOMUM CAMP:-roRA, F. Nees & Eber. Stimulates the nervous and vascular systems: antispasmo dic, anaphrodisiac. Prescribed in acute coryza, in diarrhea, in some spasmodic affections, and to allay maniacal and sexual excitement. Dose, 0.06 to0.3 Grm. (1 to 5 grs.); in low fevers and in mania 0.6 to 1.3 Grm. (10 to 20 grs.) may be given.3
   Intestinal antiseptic; prescribed in diarrhea either iodiop athic or that attending typhoid fever. Dose, 0.00006 to 0.0025 Grm. (1-1000 to 1-25 gr.).3
   Antiseptic, astringent; in minute doses, tonic; in large doses, emetic. Prescribed in chronic diarrhea, and as an antidotal emetic in phosphorus poisoning. Dose, 0.008 to 0.06 Grm. (% to 1 gr.); as an emetic, 0.3 Grm. (5 grs.) repeated in 15 minutes if necessary.3
Physician's Therapeutics Memoranda on Diarrhea
   See also Cholera Infantum, Cholera Morbus and Dysentery. Simple Atonic Diarrhea is best treated by opium combined with gastric and intestinal stimulants, carminatives and astringents. Chlorodyne is an efficient remedy, al......s. Chlorodyne is an efficient remedy, also the sun cholera mixture and similar formulas given under Astringents, Intestinal in Part II. Many cases of diarrhea are best treated in the outset with a mer urial (calomel, mercurous iodide or blue mass) to be followed by remedies such as the foregoing. Of...3
References
2) Felter, Harvey Wickes, 1922, The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Cincinnati, Ohio.
3) Nelson, Baker & Co., 1904, Physician's Handy Book of Materia Medica and Therapeustics, Detroit, Michigan.
